| Chinese Date - Ziziphus jujuba | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Fig. 1  Fruit of the 'Li' variety of jujube, Ziziphus jujuba 'Li', Houston, Texas  Fig. 2  Dried jujubes  Fig. 3  Leaf habit  Fig. 7  Nodal spine  Fig. 8  Z. jujuba (Jinjolero, azufaifo), Rama joven con renuevos, cultivado, Camino de la Azarbe de Patricio, Albatera (Provincia de Alicante, España)  Fig. 9 Rama joven con espina nodal/axilar, cultivado, circa de Lo Gil, Albatera  Fig. 10  Flores en antesis, cultivado, Camino de la Azarbe de Patricio, Albatera.  Fig. 11  Z. zizyphus flores, losar de la Vera (Cáceres, España)  Fig. 13  Fruit and flowers  Fig. 14  Immature fruit  Fig. 15 Z. jujuba  Fig. 16   Fig. 17  Jujubier (Z. jujuba)  Fig. 23  Four-year-old ‘Shanxi Li’ variety trained as an open center in early March, Gainesville, FL.  Fig. 24  Mature Z. jujuba San Diego Botanic Garden, Encinitas, CA  Fig. 25 Bark dark brown, blocky, furrowed or scaly  Fig. 26 Z. zizyphus, Tamil Nadu, India  Fig. 27 Red dates, Z. jujuba  Fig. 28  Chinese date, for sale in a marketplace, Beijing  Fig. 29 Ripe berries sun dried for pickles, India  Fig. 30  Red date latte (daechu cha)  Fig. 37  The korean musician Kim Kyeong-Ah playing a Taepyeongso, "Tanz- und Folkfestival" in Rudolstadt, Germany |
Scientific
name Ziziphus jujuba Mill (formerly Z. zizyphus) Pronunciation ZIZ-ih-fuss jew-JEW-buh 2 Common names English; Chinese jujube, Chinese-date, common jujube, jujube; French: jujubier commun; German: Brustbeerbaum, Chinesische Dattel, Jujube; Japanese: sanebuto natsume, natsume; Portuguese: açofeifeira; Spanish: azufaifo, azufaifo Chino, jinjolero; Swedish: kinesisk jujuber; Transcribed Chinese: zao 6 Other Common Names Synonyms Girtanneria jujuba (Mill.) Neck.; Jububa mediterranea Bubani; Mansana arborea J.F.Gmel.; Paliurus lucidus Carrière; Rhamnus circumcissa Russell ex Wall.; R. lucida Salisb.; R. mauritiana Soy.-Will.; R. soporifera Lour. R. vulgaris Pers.; R. zizyphus L.; Ziziphus acidojujuba C.Y.Cheng & M.J.Liu; Z. acidojujuba f. granulata C.Y.Cheng & M.J.Liu; Z. acidojujuba f. infecunda C.Y.Cheng & M.J.Liu; Z. acidojujuba f. trachysperma C.Y.Cheng & M.J.Liu; Z. chinensis Spreng.; Z. flexuosa Wall.; Z. jujuba f. allochroa C.Y.Cheng & M.J.Liu; Z. jujuba f. apyrena C.Y.Cheng & M.J.Liu; Z. jujuba f. carnosicalycis C.Y.Cheng & M.J.Liu; Z. jujuba f. heteroformis C.Y.Cheng & M.J.Liu; Ziziphus jujuba f. tortuosa C.Y.Cheng & M.J.Liu; Ziziphus melanogona Bojer; Ziziphus natsme Siebold; Z. nitida Roxb.; Z. officinarum Medik.; Z. sativa Gaertn.; Z. sinensis Lam.; Z. soporifera (Lour.) Duhamel; Z. sororia Schult.; Z. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex F.H.Chen; Z. trinervia Roth; Z. vulgaris Lam.; Z. vulgaris var. spinosa Bunge; Z. zizyphus (L.) H.Karst.; Zizyphon jujubum (Mill.) St.-Lag. 5 Relative Indian Jujube (Z. mauritiana), Darling plum (Reynosia septentrionalis) Family Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) Origin Native to China North-Central, China Southeast, Inner Mongolia, Korea, Manchuria, Xinjiang 5 USDA hardiness zones 5-10; perform best in zones 6-9 1 Uses Fruit; medicinal; landscape Height 15-30 ft (5-9 m) 1 Spread 10-30 ft (3-9 m) 1 Crown Round, oval; irregular; open 1 Plant habit Upright trunks; short, angled shoots; rough bark; naturally drooping/thorny branches that grow in zigzag patterns 1,9 Growth rate Moderate 1 Longevity 50-150 years 8 Trunk/bark/branches Naturally droopy habit; not showy; typically one trunk; thorns on the new growth; suckers near base 1,7,9 Pruning requirement Needed for strong structure Leaves Deciduous; alternate; simple; ovate, lanceolate; less than 2 in. (5 cm), 2-4 in. (5-10 cm) 1 Flowers Yellow; not showy; early Mar. to late Apr. 1,3 Fruit Drupe; oval/round; fleshy; crisp; green to brown; pit up to 2 seeds; size varies with cultivars; born on new growth 1,3 Season Aug., Sept. 1 USDA Nutrient Content: Raw, Dried pdf Light requirement Full sun (at least 6 hrs to fruit) 1 Soil tolerances Clay; sand; loam; slightly alkaline; acidic; well-drained 1 PH preference 4.5–8.4 1 Drought tolerance Highly tolerant 1 Salt tolerance Highly tolerant 1 Cold tolerance Tolerant to -20 °F (-29 °C) Plant spacing 10-15 ft (3-4.6 m) 13 Roots Deep taproot; habit of suckering from the root system 1,7,12 Invasive potential * Not a problem species Pest/disease resistance No pests or diseases are of major concern 1 Known hazard Fruits can create quite a litter problem; spiny branches; sharp spines at the base of leaf Reading Material Jujube as a Florida Fruit Crop, University of Florida pdf Ziziphus jujuba: Chinese Date, University of Florida pdf Jujube, an Alternative Fruit Crop for the Southwestern United States, HortScience pdf Jujube: Chinese Date in New Mexico, New Mexico State University pdf Jujube, California Rare Fruit Growers The Jujube: Ziziphus jujuba, West Australian Nut and Tree Crop Association Kirkbride et al. ( 2006 ) proposed the name Ziziphus jujuba as the correct scientific name of the species for conservation against the para-tautonym Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) H. Karsten. 16 Origin The Chinese jujube (Rhamnaceae; Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a deciduous fruit-bearing tree that is among the oldest domesticated tree crops, with evidence of cultivation going back over 7000 years. 1 Jujube, also called Chinese date, red date, or Tsao, is native to China. It originated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and has been cultivated in China for more than 4,000 years and currently, there are 700 to 800 jujube cultivars. The plants traveled beyond Asia centuries ago and today are grown to some extent in Russia, northern Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East and the southwestern United States. Jujube seedlings, inferior to the Chinese cultivars, were introduced into Europe at the beginning of the Christian era and carried to the U. S. (North Caroline) in 1837. 4,13 Jujube was cultivated at the USDA agricultural station in Chico, Californa, in 1908, where selections were identified and distributed throughout southern states. 1 Description Despite its limited cultivation in the United States, some cultivars of Chinese jujube have been shown to be well-adapted for production in Florida. Their rapid growth, prolific production, and resistance to abiotic stress suggest they may have at least some commercial potential, especially for small, local markets, including those that serve an Asian clientele. 1 Jujube is a deciduous ornamental fruit tree 15 to 30 ft in height with very hard, strong wood. Branches are zigzagged with paired spines (Fig. 4,8) in young trees. Depending on the cultivar, tree growth habit varies from broad spreading canopies to very narrow and upright. 3 The jujube can be easily confused with the Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lam), which is a tropical plant of the same genus, whereas the Chinese jujube is a cold-hardy deciduous plant. 3 It is a rugged tree, drought tolerant, has few pests, and grows well on poor soil. The jujube is a worthwhile addition to the home garden because, even when neglected, it produces heavy crops of good quality. 17
Growth habit As the growing season commences, each node of a woody branch has the possibility of producing one to ten branchlets, with older branches producing the most branchlets. Most of these branchlets are deciduous, dying in winter and falling from the plant in spring. Here and there a robust shoot might appear instead of a branchlet and this shoot becomes part of the permanent structure of the tree. Shoot of intermediate vigor are half-deciduous, losing only their distal portions at the end of the season. 9 Branching in jujube trees is complicated, with 4 types each having different functions: primary (extension), secondary (side branches), mother-bearing (MB, fruiting spur), and fruit-bearing (branchlet). There are also (principally) 2 types of buds, main and secondary, and these occur at each node in primary, secondary and MB branches. The main bud of the primary branch will keep expanding the tree canopy with primary and MB branches, while the secondary buds can produce secondary branches. In secondary branches the main bud can produce primary or MB branches, and secondary buds can form fruiting branchlets. In MB branches, the main bud can produce primary or MB branches, and secondary buds the fruiting branchlets. The MB branch grows very slowly, only 0.04-0.08 in. (1-2 mm) pa, and can produce several branchlets each season. 14 Leaves The small, ovate or oval leaves are 1-2 inches long and a shiny bright green. In the autumn, the leaves turn bright yellow before falling. There are usually two spines at the base of each leaf. Some spines may be hooked while others are long daggers. Virtually thornless cultivars are known. As the growing season commences, each node of a woody branch produces one to ten branchlets. Most of these are deciduous, falling from the plant in autumn. 13
Fig. 4. Z. jujuba (Jinjolero, azufaifo), Hojas de una rama muy joven; espinas nodal/axilares, Avda de La Libertad, Albatera Fig. 6. Foliage at Ammuguda Railway Station, Hyderabad Flowers Flowering occurs on fruiting spurs which give rise to a cyme inflorescence bearing numerous, small yellow perfect flowers. 1 Small, inconspicuous, yellow flowers grow in clusters of one to half a dozen or more in leaf axils of the growing branchlets. Flower buds are initiated the same year the flowers open. The plants have an extended blossoming period that continues sporadically throughout the growing season, with the first blossoms to mature being those closest to the base of a branchlet. Individual flowers, however, are receptive to pollen for only a day or less. 9
Fig. 12. Flores en antesis, cultivado, Camino de la Azarbe de Patricio, Albatera (Provincia de Alicante, España) Flowering and Fruiting of Chinese Jujubes in Florida, HortScience pdf Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Flowering and Fruiting in the Southwestern United States, HortScience pdf Pollination Jujube types may be characterized by the time of day that they flower, which falls into one of two types. One type is open between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m., the other between 2 p.m. and 5 p.m., and flowering time is acutely affected by weather, especially ambient temperature. 1 Cross-pollination always increases fruit set and improves fruit size, quality, and seed development. Some home gardeners have pollination problems in the United States. Until a thoroughly jujube fruit pollination and fruit set study has been completed, it is recommended to plant two cultivars for cross-pollination. 3 Fruit Fruits are between a cherry and a plum in size, roundish-egg shaped like small plums (sometimes round or pear-shaped). The amount of flesh is very variable between selections. The skin is bright green and shiny when the fruit is mature — at this stage (Fig. 1) the flesh is crisp, sweet, with an apple flavour; if left on the tree, the skin begins to brown in a few spots, the brown areas coalesce to completely cover the surface, then the fruit begins to dry and wrinkle; by the time it is fully ripe the jujube is a rich red-bronze and most resembles a prune or dry date — hence the name Chinese date. The texture now is chewy and resembling a date, and the taste has improved (Fig. 2). 12 Jujube fruits have a high concentration of sugar (about thirty percent fresh, about seventy-five percent dried), and one elongated pit. 9
Fig. 18. Z. jujuba (common jujube), Adana, Turkey Fig. 19. Fruto fresco del azofaifo (Z. zizyphus), se aprecia pulpa y semilla Fig. 21. Fruit ripening of Z. jujuba Fig. 22. Diagram of common jujube seed (Z. zizyphus) and its internal structure Varieties Currently, there are 700 to 800 jujube cultivars in China, including fresh eating, drying, multipurpose (good for both drying and fresh eating), candied, and ornamental. In the U.S., jujube cultivars are very limited. They include Frank Meyer’s cultivars, cultivars recently imported from China or other jujube growing countries, those released from the USDA Chico breeding program, and a few selections from seedlings across the country. 4 Cultivars Recommended for Florida, University of Florida Jujuba, Fruit for the Reluctant Gardener! Just Fruits And Exotics Harvesting Harvesting can begin as soon as the green fruits develop a few brown spots on the skin — they will then fully ripen off the tree; if you have dry conditions, then leave them on the tree to ripen and harvest them as they fall to the ground. The fruits ripen gradually (over a month or more) and not all at once, and should be picked or shaken every few days over this period. 12 In humid climates, fruits should be picked when starting to turn brownish-red and dried either in a solar dryer and/or in an oven at 115 °F (45 °C), stirring. If not picked, rain and humid weather can cause the skin to crack, and then fungi can develop in the cracks. 12
Propagation Propagation is by seed, suckers, or grafting. Young plants transplant easily. 1 Seed propagation is fairly easy. Jujube seeds have a hard, rough, pointed outer shell which has a distinct suture line aligned from end to end. This shell needs to be removed to facilitate reliable germination; the best way is to carefully align the suture in the blades of a pair of secateurs and cut firmly — the seed usually comes out unscathed from this operation! 12 Fruiting on grafted plants starts after 2-4 years; seedlings may take 3-7 years. The first few crops do not give a true indication of eventual fruit size. Although trees are usually self-fertile, fruits are bigger and more numerous with cross pollination. 12 Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) Grafting, New Mexico State University pdf Climate The trees have been described as having a low chilling requirement (<400 hours) and perform well in protected cultivation. Moreover, they have a higher heat unit requirement to break dormancy, being one of the later fruit trees to leaf out in Florida. 1 Established trees are cold tolerant to -20°F (-29°C), yet they grow well in hot, humid conditions. 1 Planting Jujubes can grow and set fruit well in a wide range of soil conditions, from sandy to loam to clay, and from acidic to alkaline (pH 5.0-8.5). Jujubes can survive in barren soils. 4 Jujubes should be set out 10 to 15 feet apart since they require high light intensities for good production. Upon setting out new, bare root trees, top the plant to 3 or 4 feet and remove all side branches to leave only a whip. New, stronger branches will emerge from each bud just below the point where the old branches were pruned. 13 Pruning Fruit is borne on the current season's growth, hence there is no danger of pruning off fruiting wood; pruning should concentrate on removing dead or dying wood, and keeping the tree open and well ventilated. Initially it may be wise to select a framework of 3-4 branches in a pyramid form. 12 Jujube Training and Pruning Basics, New Mexico State University pdf Irrigation The trees can survive extremely dry weather and will set fruit in wet years, which makes them good backyard or landscape trees. 3 Fertilization The fertilizer rates applied to jujubes have not been formally published. It is currently unknown what nutrient requirements and timing are specific to Florida. The use of proprietary NPK plus trace element fertilizers, such as 12.4.8 plus trace elements, provides a convenient approach to fertilizing. 1 Heavy applications of quick-release nitrogen should be avoided because this can increase fruit drop. 1 Food Uses The fresh jujube fruit is generally crisp like an apple, with similar texture, but generally not as juicy. The spongy flesh has a flavor reminiscent of apple or Asian pear with sweetness and a tangy aftertaste. The flavor and less-foamy texture improve as the tree ages. 1 The ripe fruits are eaten fresh, dried like dates, boiled with millet and rice, stewed, baked, pickled, glaceéd, or used as coffee substitute. They are also used in puddings, cakes, breads, jellies, soups, sweetmeats, etc. A popular Chinese confection known as ma tsao is made by scoring the fruits, then soaking them in honey or sugar syrup. In Korea, jujube flour is used in the preparation of Kochujang, a ferment hot pepper-soyabean paste that resembles miso. 10 Daechu-cha (대추차) is a traditional Korean tea made from jujubes (Fig. 35). Red date is the dominant jujube product for the domestic and export markets in China. Fruits are picked when they are fully red or the fully mature stage because the more mature they are, the higher their sugar content and drying quality. ‘‘Zongzi’’ is a traditional Chinese food that is consumed just before the Dragon Boat Festival to remember the patriotic poet, Qu Yuan. 15 Storage Jujubes may be dried, with some varieties being more amenable to dehydration than others. Dried fruit have a chewy consistency, with enhanced sweetness. Dried fruit store well at room temperature and can be stored for several years at 40 °F (4 °C). Fresh fruit may be stored for several months in sealed containers at 40 °F.
Fig. 31. Tak Hing Yuen Seafood restaurant steamed Chinese food Bao n Red Dates cake Fig. 32. Z. zizyphus (syn. Z. jujuba), jujubes (= Chinese dates) from Korea, named 'Daechu' Fig. 33. Z. jujuba, dried fruits sold as "red dates" at Li Ming's Global Market, Durham, NC, USA Fig. 34. Korea: honey jujube tea Fig. 35. Jujube tea near Changdeokgung Palace, Seoul Fig. 36. Tea includes goji berries, dried jujubes, chrysanthemum flowers, and other aromatics San Jose, CA Medicinal Properties ** In China, the dried fruit is made into cough drops, taken as a heart tonic or to relieve poisons and, with the seeds, is prescribed for anxiety, insomnia and dizziness. The bark is used to treat diarrhoea and fever. 11 Other Uses Spirited Jujube (“Drunk Jujube”). Fruits are picked during the fully red stage and 60% 70% of the vitamin C content is preserved. Spirits of 130, 140 proof or good-quality hard liquor is used for this product. The jujube fruits are poured into the liquor and fully covered with liquor. They are then sealed in jars or zip bags and can be stored for 6 months to 1 year. They can also be sealed in small packages and sold directly in those packages several months later. 15 Jujube is a nice nectar plant with a long blooming period and jujube honey is popular in China. 15 The wood is durable and hard, used in turnery and suitable for wood floor, furniture and construction. In Korea the wood to make the body of the taepyeongso (Fig. 29), a double-reed wind instrument and for making Go bowls. 16 In Bhutan, the leaves are used as a potpourri to help keep the houses of the inhabitants smelling fresh and clean. It is also said to keep bugs and other insects out of the house and free of infestation. In the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony, jujube and walnut were often placed in the newlyweds’ bedroom as a sign of fertility. The fragrance of the flowers are said to make teenagers fall in love, consequently young men will take a flowering shoot and put it on their hats to woo the opposite sex in the Himalaya and Karakoram regions. In Japan, the natsume has given its name to a style of tea caddy used in the Japanese tea ceremony. In Abyssinia, the fruit is used to stupefy fish. 16 General Jujubes are also known as chinese dates as a result of the similarity in appearance of dried jujube fruit and dried date (date palm, Phoenix dactylifera). Interestingly, the Chinese word for date palm (“zongzao”) literally means palm jujube as a result of its similarity to jujube. 3 "Another little fact you are never told about the tree is if you plant it then move it, the old roots, and the new roots where you plant it, will send up young shoots annually seemingly forever. You end up with a multitude of shin-high saplings puncturing your ankles." 2 The name Ziziphus is related to an Arabic word and ancient Greeks used the word ziziphon for the jujube. 15 Chinese dates are available in dried, unsmoked red form called hóng zǎo or in blacked smoked form called hēi zǎo. Smoking enhanced its flavour. In Asian groceries store in America, Europe and Australia, four types of preserved Chinese jujube are available: two shrivelled with intact skin, the dull maroon hóng zǎo (red jujube) and the black hēi zǎo (black jujube) and two scored skin sugar preserves the mi-zǎo (honey jujube) and the seedless wu-he-zǎo (pitted jujube). 16 Other Edible Ziziphus species: Indian Jujube, Z. Mauritiana Further Reading Wild Ber, Zizyphus jujuba, Wild Fruits of the sub-Himalayan region Ziziphus zizyphys: the Misspelled Jujube, Eat The Weeds Jujube Orchards, West Australian Nut and Tree Crops Association Intercropping with Jujube in China, Archives of the Rare Fruit Council of Australia Jujube, Zyzyphus spp., Manual Of Tropical And Subtropical Fruits The Jujube, Archives of the Rare Fruit Council of Australia Chinese Jujube Botanical Art List of Growers and Vendors |
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| Bibliography 1 Folta, Kevin M., et al. "Jujube as a Florida Fruit Crop." Environmental Horticulture Dept., UF/IFAS Extension, ENH-836, Original pub. date Mar. 2024, AskIFAS, (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS1477. Accessed 15 Apr. 2024. 2 Deane, Green. "Ziziphus zizyphys: The Misspelled Jujube." Eat the Weeds and other things, too. www.eattheweeds.com/ziziphus-zizyphys-the-misspelled-jujube-2/. Accessed 23 Jan. 2018. 3 Yao, Shengrui. "Past, present and future of jujubes. Chinese dates in the United States." American Society for Horticultural Science, Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, 48, 2013, pp. 672–680, HortScience, New Mexico State University, (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/48/6/672.full. Accessed 25 June 2018. 4 Yao, Shengrui. "Jujube: Chinese Date in New Mexico." New Mexico State University, Guide H-330, May 2012, aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H330/. Accessed 21 July 2018. 5 "Ziziphus jujuba Mill." Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, POWO, powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:719213-1. Accessed 7 Aug. 2022. 6 "Ziziphus jujuba Mill." USDA National Plant Germplasm System, npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=42282. Accessed 26 June 2018. 7 Cowley, Marquetta. "Jujuba, Fruit for the Reluctant Gardener!" Just Fruits and Exotics, www.justfruitsandexotics.com/JFE/jujubafruit-reluctant-gardener/#lightbox/3/. Accessed 26 June 2018. 8 SelecTree. "Ziziphus jujuba Tree Record." SelectTree, 1995-2018, selectree.calpoly.edu/tree-detail/ziziphus-jujuba. Accessed 5 July 2018. 9 Reich, Lee. Uncommon Fruits for Every Garden. Timber Press, 2004. 10 Facciola. S. Cornucopia II A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, California, 1998. 11 Barwick, Margaret. "Z. jujuba." Tropical & Subtropical Trees. A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide. London, Thames & Hudson, 2004. 12 Crawford, Martin. "The Jujube: Ziziphus jujuba." WANATCA Yearbook, Vol. 26, 2002, Archive-It, wayback.archive-it.org/1941/20100524190020/http://www.wanatca.org.au/Q-Yearbook/CompleteYearbooks.htm. Accessed 24 July 2018. 13 "Jujube." California Rare Fruit Growers, crfg.org.pubs/ff/jujube.html. Accessed 5 July 2018. 14 "Jujube, Chinese date, Ziziphus jujuba." The Rare Fruit Club WA, rarefruitclub.org.au/Jujube.htm. Accessed 6 Aug. 2022. 15 Exotic Fruits, Reference Guide. Edited by S. Rodrigues, E. de Oliveira Silva, and E. Sousa de Brito, London, Academic Press, 2018. 16 Lim, T. K. "Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants, Fruits, vol. 5." ZLibrary, 2013, b-ok.cc/book/2145025/84910f?dsource=recommend. Accessed 7 Aug. 2022. 17 Boning, Charles R. Florida's Best Fruiting Plants- Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Pineapple Press, 2006. Videos v1 "Growing Jujubes: The "Weird Apple" That Tastes Absolutely Delicious!" Epic Gardening, 29 Mar. 2022, (CC0), www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzdtDXIVVpE. Accessed 7 Aug. 2022. v2 "How To Grow And Harvest Jujube (Chinese Date) At Home." Plant Abundance, 8 Sept. 2019, (CC0), www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTYMG7mziRw. Accessed 7 Aug. 2022. Photographs Fig. 1 Beasthwaite. "Fruit of the 'Li' variety of jujube, Ziziphus jujuba 'Li', Houston, Texas." Wikimedia Commons, (CC0), 7 July 2015, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fruit_of_Ziziphus_jujuba_'Li'_in_mid-summer.JPG. Accessed 9 July 2018. Fig. 2 xunweinanjiang. Pixabay, CC0, pixabay.com/en/in-xinjiang-gray-jujube-quality-2901664/. Accessed 7 July 2018. Fig. 3,13,14,24,25 C. Stubler, C., and J. Reimer. "Ziziphus jujuba Tree Record." SelectTree, UFEI, selectree.calpoly.edu/tree-detail/ziziphus-jujuba. Accessed 5 July 2018. Fig. 4 Philmarin. "Ziziphus jujuba (Jinjolero, azufaifo) - Hojas de una rama muy joven; espinas nodal/axilares - Avda de La Libertad, Albatera." Wikimedia Commons, 27 Sept. 2017, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alb-Z._jujuba-ram-5.jpg. Accessed 20 Sept. 2018. Fig. 5 Philmarin. "Ziziphus jujuba (Jinjolero, azufaifo) - Hoja, margen sinuado. - Cultivado, Camino de la Azarbe de Patricio, Albatera (Provincia de Alicante, España)." Wikimedia Commons, 14 Sept. 2011, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alb-Z._jujuba-leav-4.jpg. Accessed 12 July 2018. Fig. 6 Adityamadhav83. "(Ziziphus jujuba) Foliage at Ammuguda Railway Station, Hyderabad." Wikimedia Commons, 3 Dec. 2013, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(Ziziphus_jujuba)_Foliage_at_Ammuguda_02.jpg. Accessed 28 July 2018. Fig. 7 Philmarin. "Ziziphus jujuba (Jinjolero, azufaifo) - Espina nodal. - Cultivado, Camino de la Azarbe de Patricio, Albatera (Provincia de Alicante, España)." Wikimedia Commons, 14 Sept. 2011, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alb-Z._jujuba-leav-3.jpg. Accessed 12 July 2018. Fig. 8 Philmarin. "Ziziphus jujuba (Jinjolero, azufaifo) - Rama joven con renuevos. - Cultivado, Camino de la Azarbe de Patricio, Albatera (Provincia de Alicante, España)." Wikimedia Commons, 19 Apr. 2011, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alb-Z._jujuba-ram-1.jpg. Accessed 20 Sept. 2018. Fig. 9 Philmarin. "Ziziphus jujuba (Jinjolero, azufaifo) - Rama joven con espina nodal/axilar. - Cultivado, circa de Lo Gil, Albatera." Wikimedia Commons, 19 Apr. 2011, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alb-Z._jujuba-ram-4.jpg. Accessed 20 Sept. 2018. Fig. 10 Philmarin." Ziziphus jujuba (Jinjolero, azufaifo) - Flores en antesis. - Cultivado, Camino de la Azarbe de Patricio, Albatera (Provincia de Alicante, España)." Wikimedia Commons, 29 July 2013, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alb-Z._jujuba-flow-2.jpg. Accessed 20 Sept. 2018. Fig. 11 García, Luis Fernández. "Ziziphus zizyphus; flores. Losar de la Vera (Cáceres, España)." Wikimedia Commons, 7 Aug. 2014, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ziziphus_zizyphus_20140807_a.jpg. Accessed 7 July 2018. Fig. 12 Philmarin." Ziziphus jujuba (Jinjolero, azufaifo) - Flores en antesis. - Cultivado, Camino de la Azarbe de Patricio, Albatera (Provincia de Alicante, España)." Wikimedia Commons, 25 May 2017, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alb-Z._jujuba-flow-4.jpg. Accessed 20 Sept. 2018. Fig. 15 xbeing. Pixabay, CC0, pixabay.com/en/jujube-food-green-dates-date-tree-931587/. Accessed 7 July 2018. Fig. 16 xbeing. Pixabay, CC0, pixabay.com/en/jujube-food-green-dates-date-tree-931589/. Accessed 7 July 2018. Fig. 17 INRA, DIST, Jean Weber. "Jujubier (Zizyphus jujuba) Lang." Flickr, 13 Oct. 2006, (CC BY 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/135897188@N04/23048262543. Accessed 7 July 2018. Fig. 18 Cebeci, Zeynel. "Ziziphus jujuba (Common jujube). Adana, Turkey." Wikimedia Commons, 31 Aug. 2014, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Jujube_-_Ziziphus_zizyphus.JPG. Accessed 7 July 2018. Fig. 19 Jujube, Pixabay, CC0, pixabay.com/en/jujube-food-fruit-jujube-date-tree-931583/. Accessed 21 July 2018. Fig. 20 Tirithel. "Fruto fresco del azofaifo (Ziziphus zizyphus), se aprecia pulpa y semilla." 28 Aug. 2011, Wikimedia Commons, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ziziphus_zizyphus_fruit_inside.jpeg. Accessed 28 July 2018. Fig. 21 Gmihail. "Fruit ripening of Ziziphus jujuba." Wikimedia Commons, 20 Feb. 2020, (CC BY-SA 3.0 RS), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fruit_ripening_of_Ziziphus_jujuba.jpg. Accessed 7 Aug. 2022. Fig. 22 L. H. "Diagram of common jujube seed (Ziziphus jujuba) and its internal structure." USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database,17 July 2009, EOL, eol.org/data_objects/31792472. Accessed 28 July 2018. Fig. 23 Huff, Dustin. "Four-year-old ‘Shanxi Li’ variety trained as an open center in early March, Gainesville, FL." UF/IFAS, (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS1477. Accessed 16 Apr. 2024 Fig. 26 Thamizhpparithi Maari. "Ziziphus zizyphus, Tamil Nadu, India." Wikimedia Commons, 3 Dec. 2013, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:"Ziziphus_zizyphus".jpg. Accessed 7 July 2018. Fig. 27 Eriksson, Richard. "Red Dates, Ziziphus jujuba." Flickr, July 26, 2005, (CC BY 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/35034348378@N01/28875293. Accessed 7 July 2018. Fig. 28 Aineias. "Chinese date, to sale on a marketplace in Beijing." Wikimedia Commons, Sept. 2005, GFDL, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chinesische_Dattel-Marktstand.JPG. Accessed 7 July 2018. Fig. 29 Abhijitgogoi22. "Ripe berries sun dried for pickles." Wikimedia Commons, 15 Jan. 2017, (CC BY-SA 4.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:P_20170115_121541_1.jpg. Accessed 20 Sept. 2018. Fig. 30 Shin, Kim. "Red date latte." Shinshine, 22 Dec. 2012, (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0), www.shinshine.com/my-blog/2012/12/red-date-latte.html. Accessed 8 Aug. 2022. Fig. 31 Soatiarumlea. 'Tak Hing Yuen Seafood Restaurant steamed Chinese food Bao n Red Dates Cake." Wikimedia Commons, 24 Mar. 2013, (CC BY-SA 3.0), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: HK_SYP_德韾苑 _Tak_Hing_Yuen_Seafood_Restaurant_steamed_Chinese_food_Bao_n_Red_Dates_Cake_Mar-2013.JPG. Accessed 7 July 2018. Fig. 32 Schmidt, Marco. "Ziziphus zizyphus (syn. Z. jujuba), Jujubes (= Chinese dates) from Korea, named 'Daechu' (대추)." Wikimedia Commons, 31 Dec. 2005, (CC BY-SA 2.5), commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ziziphus_jujuba_MS_2461.JPG. Accessed 7 July 2018. Fig. 33 Zona, Scott. "Ziziphus jujuba, dried fruits sold as "red dates" at Li Ming's Global Market, Durham, NC, USA." Flickr, 12 May 2019, (CC BY-NC 2.0), Image cropped, www.flickr.com/photos/scottzona/33964753318. Accessed 7 Aug. 2022. Fig. 34 mangocyborg. "Korea: Honey Jujube Tea." Flickr, 13 Jan. 2014, (CC BY-NC 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/mangocyborg/11925579436/. Accessed 9 Aug. 2022. Fig. 35 wjl_yyc. "Jujube tea near Changdeokgung Palace, Seoul." Flickr, 18 Nov. 2015, (CC BY-ND 2.0), Image cropped, www.flickr.com/photos/whitneyloewen/23412221389/. Accessed 9 Aug. 2022. Fig. 36 mswine "Jujube Tea, San Jose, CA." Flickr, via Viet Express HouseTea, 1 Dec. 2008, (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/melaniewong/3076798678. Accessed 7 Aug. 2022. Fig. 37 Helbig, Thomas. "The korean musician Kim Kyeong-Ah playing a Taepyeongso. Tanz- und Folkfestival in Rudolstadt, Germany." Flickr, 5 July 2009, (CC BY-NC 2.0), www.flickr.com/photos/teliko82/3762123718/. Accessed 7 Aug. 2022. * UF/IFAS Assessment of Non-native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas ** Information provided is not intended to be used as a guide for treatment of medical conditions. Published 20 Nov. 2018 LR. Last update 17 Apr. 2023 LR |
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